英国SLL更新照明立场：一份声明背后的行业变革信号

当健康照明的共识走向工程实践，整个产业链都需要向前一步。

文｜GLGA 亚洲健康光联盟

照明行业，对“健康”二字早已不陌生。

真正需要回答的是：当科学认识逐渐清晰，专业组织不断更新立场，我们的产品、设计与交付，是否也跟着向前走了？

2026年8月，英国光与照明学会（Society of Light and Lighting，简称SLL）更新《整合照明立场声明》（Position Statement on Integrative Lighting）。这份文件，把这个问题再次摆到了行业面前。

它的分量，首先来自SLL与专业照明实践的紧密联系，也来自声明对证据、应用与边界的进一步明确。

照明怎样让人看得更好，怎样在适当的时间支持人的生理节律与日常生活，正在被放进同一套专业讨论之中。

变化由此展开：从如何理解光，到如何设计光，再到如何证明我们交付的光环境达到了目标。

对于中国照明产业链，这是一份值得认真读、也值得带进下一次工作会议的声明。

01 / GLGA INSIGHT

先看清SLL，才能读懂这份声明的分量

对不少中国读者而言，CIE、IES相对熟悉，SLL可能还有些陌生。

SLL是英国特许建筑设备工程师学会CIBSE体系内的照明专业学会，联系着照明设计师、咨询工程师、研究人员、制造商等专业群体。

理解它的重要性，可以从工程实践中寻找答案。

SLL出版的《照明规范》（Code for Lighting）、《照明手册》（Lighting Handbook）及系列应用指南，覆盖办公、教育、医疗等建筑场景，为设计师和工程师理解照明要求、作出专业判断提供参考。

它连接着研究证据与实际项目：研究者发现了什么，设计师应当如何理解，又如何转化为设计与应用中的考虑因素。

当这样的组织进一步明确整合照明的方向，影响就有机会沿着指南、培训和项目讨论，进入设计师与工程师的日常工作。

一份声明的行业分量，正在于它能走多远：能否走进专业判断，进而影响一张图纸、一份规格书、一个实际项目。

当然，SLL并非政府监管机构，此次文件也明确表示：这是一份立场声明，不是设计标准。它的发布不意味着所有项目立即新增强制要求。

专业实践的变化，往往先发生在评价依据之中，然后才逐渐显现在项目里。

SLL组织介绍：

https://www.cibse.org/get-involved/societies/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll/

SLL出版物与应用指南：

https://www.cibse.org/get-involved/societies/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll/knowledge-resources/sll-publications-and-guidance/

02 / GLGA INSIGHT

共识有来路，升级有依据

此次声明更新了2020年版本，并采用CIE的“整合照明”（integrative lighting）术语，将视觉与非视觉效应放在同一个照明框架中考虑。

如果只看“更新”两个字，容易忽略背后的积累。

SLL的2022版《照明规范》已涉及光的非视觉效应。此次更新，则进一步结合CIE的计量框架、2024年立场声明，以及Brown等人在2022年提出的日常光暴露共识建议。

共识的升级，体现在方向更清楚、计量语言更明确，也体现在对适用条件和证据局限的交代更充分。

在9月8日的GLG董事会上，曾任GLG董事、现参与LIA顾问工作的Roger Sexton，就此次SLL声明及相关工作作了分享。GLG科学工作组负责人Marijke Gordijn和GLGA主席Lawrence Lin也参与了会议讨论。

这段交流背后，有一条在声明原文中可以核实的合作线索。

声明的致谢部分，感谢Marijke提供的意见与反馈，并感谢Roger分享Brown等人2022年论文发表后的研究综述；其中也明确提及，该综述受到GLG内部讨论与文献评估工作的支持。同时，文件感谢Luke Price的审阅与重要贡献，以及SLL技术与出版委员会的意见。

一段致谢，呈现的是一段合作的过程。

Roger梳理研究进展，GLG持续开展科学讨论，专家提出意见，SLL完成自身的审阅与立场形成工作。共识就在这样的交流中，逐步变得清楚。

哪些认识足以支持行动？哪些结论仍需审慎？哪些问题还没有答案？

能够把这些层次说清楚，本身就是专业共识的一次进步。

03 / GLGA INSIGHT

评价照明，目光正在向人移动

对产业链而言，声明中有三个变化，尤其值得停下来想一想。

第一，看产品，也看它在人身上形成的光暴露

一盏灯具可以有准确的光谱、光通量与配光数据。但人在什么位置、朝向哪里、何时使用、使用多久，以及此前接触过怎样的光，都会影响实际光暴露。

因此，灯具参数需要与空间条件、使用时间和人的活动结合起来理解。

声明明确指出，任何照明产品都不能仅凭自身属性，就被认定为天然具有“整合照明”“节律照明”或“以人为本照明”的性质。这些概念取决于产品在具体使用条件下帮助形成的光暴露模式。

从产品性能走向人的实际体验，中间需要完整的设计、控制与验证过程。

第二，看工作面，也看抵达眼睛的光

工作面照度仍然是重要的视觉设计指标。对于相关非视觉效应，还需要关注到达眼睛的光。

SLL采用CIE S 026定义的mel-EDI作为当前共识建议中的主要标准化计量指标，并强调：仅凭相关色温CCT，无法可靠判断光的这方面作用。

相同色温不代表相同光谱。即使光度照度相同，不同光谱也可能对应不同的mel-EDI。

这会改变设计师需要的数据，也会改变企业应当提供的信息。

光谱是什么？人在什么位置、朝向哪里？到达眼睛的光有多少？这些条件，又如何随时间变化？

问题越具体，工程工作才越有着落。

第三，把时间真正放进照明设计

声明的核心原则很清晰：

白天明亮，夜晚黑暗。

简单的八个字，落到工程上，却需要认真处理日光、空间、作息与控制的关系。日间优先利用日光；日光不足、不可用或分布不佳时，再由电光补充。

对于Brown等人共识建议所针对的健康、日间活动成年人，声明支持以下光暴露方向：

日间：眼位mel-EDI至少250 lx，并在有人使用的日间时段尽可能持续满足，尤其重视上午。

计划入睡前3小时：mel-EDI不超过10 lx。

睡眠期间：mel-EDI不超过1 lx。

这些数值不能脱离人群、作息和视觉安全条件机械套用，也不能直接当作所有灯具的产品合格线。

尤其需要留意：现有证据尚不足以证明，一小段高强度光暴露可以等效替代持续适宜的日间光环境。

对于儿童、老年人、轮班工作者以及存在特定视觉或健康状况的人群，还需要更具体的证据与专业判断。

Brown等人2022年共识建议原文：

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571

04 / GLGA INSIGHT

把视野拉远，信号就更清楚了

SLL此次更新，有着更广阔的专业背景。沿着CIE、IES、IALD与SLL各自的工作看过去，可以看见不同专业力量如何逐步推动共同方向。

CIE提供共同的术语与计量基础。CIE S 026建立了描述相关光刺激的标准化计量框架；2024年第三版整合照明立场声明，进一步讨论如何在适当的时间提供适当的光。

IES推动研究认识与应用实践衔接。其光与健康相关技术工作，以及针对室内日间环境生理与行为效应的推荐实践，让这些问题进一步进入照明应用讨论。

IALD从专业设计的整体性出发。其关于健康、福祉与光品质的整合照明白皮书，强调在设计中综合理解人的需求。

SLL则进一步连接证据与建筑照明专业实践。此次更新明确说明哪些原则可以用于指导判断，同时提醒从业者避免过度承诺。

这些组织的职责不同，文件性质也不同。它们并不代表已经统一所有数值、适用条件或实施要求，更不能据此推定相互背书。

但可以看见一个持续增强的共同方向：评价照明时，需要同时考虑视觉需求与相关非视觉效应，并把时间、空间与人的实际使用纳入其中。

科学认识向前一步，专业实践就需要接住这一步。企业的机会，也在这个衔接之中。

CIE整合照明立场声明，第三版（2024）：

https://cie.co.at/publications/cie-position-statement-integrative-lighting-recommending-proper-light-proper-time-3rd

IES相关推荐实践：

https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-supporting-the-physiological-and-behavioral-effects-of-lighting-in-interior-daytime-environments/

IALD整合照明白皮书：

https://iald.org/IALD/IALD/Store/Item_Detail.aspx?Category=IR&iProductCode=IR-2025-WP-LDH

05 / GLGA INSIGHT

共识来到中国，下一步是把它做出来

中国拥有规模庞大、分工完整的照明产业链，也拥有丰富的建筑与生活场景。

我们有条件把专业认识转化为产品、系统与实际项目。要把这件事做好，还需要不同环节使用能够相互理解的工程语言。

《建筑照明设计标准》GB/T 50034—2024已经实施，为建筑照明提供相应设计依据。与此同时，中国照明电器协会（CALI）正在推进《中国健康照明产业发展白皮书》的编写工作。

国家标准、行业白皮书及专业组织的应用探索，各有不同的定位。如何在尊重各自适用范围的基础上衔接，需要持续沟通。

GLGA受CALI邀请，投入白皮书起草工作，并已提供基于GLG Good Light Wake-Up Call基础与方向的内容供参考。

Good Light Wake-Up Call，即我们所说的“好光觉醒行动”，由Jan Denneman与Lawrence Lin共同推进相关草稿工作，Jan是主要内容贡献者，并持续吸收GLG董事及相关专家的意见。

“觉醒”之后，需要有行动接续。

在GLGA看来，这项工作的价值，是让更多同行理解好光，也帮助行业把这种理解转化为可以设计、实施与检验的工作。

目前，GLGA也在推进工作组协调及健康照明设计培训的筹备：围绕标准起草架构、各单位分工与应用需求继续对齐，并通过培训帮助从业者把科学认识带入项目实践。

这些工作仍处于各自的推进阶段。起草框架不等于已发布标准，培训结业也不等于产品获得健康认证。清楚说明工作状态，才能为后续合作建立可靠基础。

住房城乡建设部相关标准发布公告：

https://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/zhengce/zhengcefilelib/202404/20240410_777466.html

06 / GLGA INSIGHT

下一次工作会议，就可以开始

方向已经越来越清楚。接下来，工作需要落到每一个环节。

企业不必等所有问题都有了最终答案，才开始改进。现阶段，就可以从一份规格书、一次系统测试、一张验收记录做起。

做光源与灯具的，让数据多走一步

除了光效、色温和显色性能，应考虑提供可供设计与计算使用的光谱、配光及不同工作状态的数据，说明调光、调色条件变化时的性能。

客户需要知道：这些数据如何帮助设计师判断具体空间中的结果，哪些性能已经验证，哪些效果取决于后续设计与使用条件。

从这里开始：检查现有规格书是否足以支持眼位mel-EDI的计算与方案比较。

做驱动与控制的，把低亮度场景测扎实

时间安排、日光补充、低照度运行和用户自主调节，都与最终光环境有关。

SLL尤其提醒，额定输出下的频闪表现，不能直接代表整个调光范围的表现。在晚间与夜间降低光输出时，还需要关注实际系统组合的时间光调制性能。

从这里开始：对驱动、灯具与控制系统的实际组合，补充关键低调光状态下的性能验证。

做传感与软件的，让每个数值有来处

一个数值要能用于判断，就需要知道它来自哪里、朝向何处、何时采集，以及对应怎样的使用情境。

传感器布点、数据字段与算法边界，应当支持设计、调试和运维之间的信息传递。软件预测值与现场测量值的定义，也需要能够对得上。

从这里开始：为光环境记录补齐位置、方向、时间、工作状态与测量条件。

做设计与工程的，把验证写进交付

设计阶段应明确服务对象、活动、时段与目标；交付阶段则需要检查实际空间是否实现了相应结果。

产品检测、空间测量、个人光暴露评估与健康结局研究，回答的是不同问题。建立清楚的边界，才能既支持创新，也避免超出证据的承诺。

从这里开始：在下一份项目交付清单中，加入关键场景的眼位测量、控制状态与现场核验记录。

做采购与行业推动的，让专业能力被看见

如果采购评价只关注单灯价格，设计、调试、验证和运维就很难获得足够投入。

业主和渠道可以要求供应方说明适用条件、验证方式与维护责任；行业组织则可以推动公开透明的工程语言和评价方法，让专业能力成为可识别、可比较的选择依据。

从这里开始：在采购与合作要求中，明确需要交付的设计依据、性能数据和验证结果。

07 / GLGA INSIGHT

这个机会，值得我们做得更认真一些

照明行业需要新的价值空间。健康相关需求的深化，让我们有机会重新思考：光还能为人的生活做些什么？

机会令人振奋，也考验耐心。

一句宣传语可以很快写出来。一套可靠的方法，却需要研究、设计、测试与现场应用反复磨合。行业积累起的信任，也需要每一次交付去维系。

SLL此次声明的可贵之处，正在于它既支持行动，也交代边界：哪些证据已经足够成熟，哪些问题尚待研究，怎样在人的需求、视觉舒适、安全与能源效率之间作出专业判断。

这种明确而克制的态度，值得产业链共同珍惜。

从Roger对研究进展的梳理，到GLG的科学讨论与好光觉醒行动，再到GLGA参与中国白皮书、工作组及培训建设，许多工作正在彼此衔接。它们最终能产生多大价值，还要看我们能否把共识落实到工程里。

写进规格书，体现在设计中，落实到控制里，再由现场验证。

当这些工作逐步连起来，健康照明才会成为可以持续交付、值得用户信任的能力。

SLL已经发出了一个值得重视的信号。

接下来的回应，应当出现在我们的产品、项目，以及人们每天生活的光环境里。

资料说明

本文为GLGA视角的专业解读，不代表SLL、CIE、IES、IALD或其他机构的联合声明，也不构成对特定企业、产品或认证的背书。GLG／GLGA相关工作进展依据截至2026年9月9日的交流信息整理。科学建议的适用条件及证据边界，请结合原文阅读。

为方便微信读者查阅，文中及文末均保留完整网址，可复制到浏览器打开。下附来源索引及SLL英文原文全文。

延伸阅读与英文原文附录 来源与延伸阅读

为方便微信读者查阅，以下保留完整网址，可复制到浏览器打开。

1. SLL：组织背景与专业实践资源

SLL（Society of Light and Lighting）官方网站：

https://www.cibse.org/get-involved/societies/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll/

SLL出版物与照明指南：

https://www.cibse.org/get-involved/societies/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll/knowledge-resources/sll-publications-and-guidance/

SLL Code for Lighting（2022）：

https://www.cibse.org/knowledge-research/knowledge-portal/sll-code-for-lighting-2022/

SLL声明与免费下载入口（查找 Position Statement on Integrative Lighting）：

https://www.cibse.org/get-involved/societies/society-of-light-and-lighting-sll/knowledge-resources/sll-publications-and-guidance/sll-free-downloads/

2. 国际专业共识与科学依据

CIE整合照明立场声明，第三版（2024）：

https://cie.co.at/publications/cie-position-statement-integrative-lighting-recommending-proper-light-proper-time-3rd

IES：支持室内日间照明生理与行为效应的推荐实践：

https://store.ies.org/product/recommended-practice-supporting-the-physiological-and-behavioral-effects-of-lighting-in-interior-daytime-environments/

IALD：Lighting Design for Health, Wellbeing and Quality of Light: A Holistic Approach to Integrative Lighting：

https://iald.org/IALD/IALD/Store/Item_Detail.aspx?Category=IR&iProductCode=IR-2025-WP-LDH

Brown等（2022）：健康成年人日间、晚间与夜间室内光暴露共识建议：

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001571

3. 中国相关标准

住房城乡建设部：《建筑照明设计标准》GB/T 50034—2024发布公告：

https://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/zhengce/zhengcefilelib/202404/20240410_777466.html

以上文件的性质、适用范围及效力不同，不应将立场声明、研究共识、设计推荐实践与国家标准视为同一种文件，也不代表各组织已统一全部技术要求。

附录｜SLL《整合照明立场声明》英文原文

为了让读者在阅读本文解读后，进一步核对声明的完整论述、适用条件与证据边界，以下附上英文原文，包括致谢与参考文献。

原文标题：Position Statement on Integrative Lighting

发布组织：The Society of Light and Lighting（SLL）

作者：Dr Cosmin Ticleanu, BRE

版本：August 2026；本附录依据所提供的 amended PDF，共13页。

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The Society of Light and Lighting

Position Statement on Integrative Lighting Dr Cosmin Ticleanu, BRE, August 2026

This document updates the Society of Light and Lighting Position Statement on Circadian Lighting published in July 2020. In this version, the Society of Light and Lighting has adopted the terminology used by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and refers to ‘integrative lighting’ throughout, in line with the CIE International Lighting Vocabulary (CIE S 017:2020) and the CIE Position Statement on Integrative Lighting: Recommending Proper Light at the Proper Time, 3rd Edition (CIE PS 001:2024), published in August 2024. The CIE defines integrative lighting as lighting that integrates both visual and non-visual effects to deliver physiological and psychological benefits to humans (CIE S 017:2020). This is distinguished from clinical light therapy and applies to everyday environments rather than medical treatments. The earlier terms ‘circadian lighting,’ ‘human-centric lighting’ and ‘biodynamic lighting’ are used interchangeably in the industry but are not formally adopted by the CIE.

Introduction With ongoing research and commercial interest in integrative lighting, the Society of Light and Lighting (SLL) reaffirms its position on this topic. This statement reflects advances since the 2020 edition, including the consensus recommendations of Brown et al. (2022) for healthy day-active adults, the CIE metrological framework for ipRGC 1- influenced responses (CIE S 026:2018; Price and Blattner, 2022), and the CIE position statement on integrative lighting (CIE PS 001:2024). The purpose of this document is to define the SLL’s understanding of integrative lighting, summarise the evidence that is mature enough to inform practice, and identify the uncertainties that still limit prescriptive guidance. It is a position statement, not a design standard. Practitioners should therefore use it to inform professional judgement, avoid over-claiming, and distinguish clearly between established principles, emerging evidence and open research questions. The central organising principle is simple: bright days, dark nights. Daylight should be the primary means of delivering daytime melanopic exposure wherever possible, with electric lighting used as a complementary tool when daylight is unavailable, insufficient or poorly distributed. Recent evidence indicates that many people experience relatively dim indoor days, but still excessive evening or night-time electric light. A multi-country wearable preprint study by Zauner et al. (2026) found that participants achieved the daytime recommendation of Brown et al. (2022) for ≥250 lx melanopic EDI during only about 24% of waking observations, while evening exposures often exceeded recommended levels. Average melanopic EDI was approximately 75 lx under indoor electric lighting, 172 lx under indoor daylight, and more than 700 lx outdoors. These findings underline the need to consider actual personal exposure at the eye, not design illuminance alone. Daylight availability is necessary but not, by itself, sufficient to ensure adequate daytime melanopic exposure. Modelling of UK office spaces (Ticleanu et al., 2025) found that achieving 250 lx melanopic EDI indoors from daylight alone can be difficult

1 Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.

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in predominantly cloudy climates, especially for occupants located away from windows or facing away from them. High daylight provision improves the likelihood of meeting the recommendation, but may also increase glare risk, reinforcing the need to balance melanopic stimulus, visual comfort, energy performance and occupant behaviour. International public-health interest is also increasing. Consensus statements and policy recommendations published in 2026 promoted “bright days and dark nights” as a public-health principle, positioning appropriately timed light exposure alongside sleep, physical activity and nutrition as a contributor to health and wellbeing (Piper et al., 2026). Good lighting design can play an important role in making buildings healthier places to live and work, which is the emphasis of this position statement. However, even the best designs should complement, rather than replace, a healthy lifestyle that includes an appropriate balance between time spent indoors and outdoors.

Scientific background: How light influences human biology Light does far more than enable vision. By acting on retinal photoreceptors connected to diverse brain regions, light contributes to physiological regulation and the maintenance of homeostasis across multiple body systems. Rhythmic biological patterns, including circadian entrainment, are closely linked to this broader homeostatic regulation and help coordinate sleep, alertness, hormone secretion, thermoregulation and other daily functions. Exposure to light at the eye produces rapid responses in the pupillary reflex and brain activity, including changes in heart rate and electroencephalographic patterns. The classic rapid pupil response is now understood to be followed by more sustained pupil responses mediated, at least in part, by ipRGCs. On short timescales, light can influence alertness, thermoregulation and other aspects of physiology and behaviour, while appropriately timed light exposure can also form part of evidence-based approaches to seasonal and non-seasonal depression. Critically, light is the primary synchroniser of the human biological clock, governing the timing and quality of sleep. Evening and night-time light can contribute to sleep disruption and can acutely suppress the nocturnal release of melatonin (CIE PS 001:2024), although sleep can of course also be disrupted by other factors such as noise, illness and stress. Pioneering research since the 1980s on the effects of light beyond vision revealed that the eye contains a third class of photoreceptors: the ipRGCs, containing the photopigment melanopsin, with peak spectral sensitivity in the shorter (blue-enriched) wavelength portion of the visible spectrum (Provencio et al., 2000; Brainard et al., 2001; Thapan et al., 2001; Berson et al., 2002; Hankins and Lucas, 2002; Hattar et al., 2002). The ipRGCs are the primary drivers of a wide range of neuro-biobehavioural effects of light beyond vision, including circadian entrainment, melatonin suppression and acute alertness (CIE PS 001:2024). The CIE formally designates these as ipRGC- influenced light responses. Emerging evidence indicates that all five photoreceptor classes (S-cones, M-cones, L- cones, rods and melanopsin-containing ipRGCs) can contribute to ipRGC-influenced responses under some conditions, with their relative contributions depending on light level, spectrum, duration, timing, prior light history, age and health status (Lucas et al., 2014; Najjar et al., 2024). However, evidence that a photoreceptor contribution observed in laboratory studies translates into a meaningful health effect in everyday

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settings remains incomplete. For practical guidance, melanopic EDI remains the principal standardised quantity used in current consensus recommendations, while other α-opic quantities may be useful for research and more detailed characterisation of light exposure. While this position statement focuses primarily on circadian entrainment and its relationship with sleep, health and wellbeing, light influences human physiology and psychology through multiple pathways. These include effects on alertness, mood, cognitive performance, neuroendocrine function, pupillary responses and subjective perception. There is also growing interest in the potential physiological and psychological effects of specific wavelength regions, including long-wavelength radiation, although many of these mechanisms remain the subject of active research. A comprehensive review of these wider effects is beyond the scope of the present document.

Key point: Daytime light, especially in the morning, supports circadian entrainment, alertness and subsequent sleep quality; evening and night-time light can disrupt sleep and suppress nocturnal melatonin. Biological impact depends on spectrum, intensity, timing, duration and prior light history, and spectrum is not determined by correlated colour temperature (CCT) alone.

Measuring light-induced responses that can be elicited by ipRGCs: Melanopic EDI The previous edition of this statement noted that metrics for circadian lighting were poorly defined and that ‘melanopic lux’ had not been formally standardised. This has now changed markedly through the availability of a standardised metrological framework. The CIE International Standard CIE S 026:2018 defines spectral sensitivity functions, quantities and metrics to describe the ability of optical radiation to stimulate each of the five α-opic photoreceptor types that contribute to integrative effects of light in humans. These α-opic quantities follow the International System of Units (SI), enabling traceable and internationally comparable measurements. 2 For characterising the melanopic stimulus to the ipRGC system, CIE S 026:2018 defines the melanopic Equivalent Daylight (D65) Illuminance (melanopic EDI): the illuminance of CIE standard illuminant D65 (representing average daylight) that produces the equivalent melanopic stimulus as the test light source. The unit is lux (lx). This quantity replaces informal earlier references to ‘melanopic lux’ and the standard provides a rigorous, internationally consistent basis for specifying integrative lighting. The CIE recommends that melanopic EDI be used to describe the direct photic stimulus provided to the ipRGCs (CIE S 026:2018). The α-opic EDI system acknowledges the contributions of all five photoreceptor classes. The CIE emphasises that describing a lit environment solely by the photopic luminous efficiency function V(λ), which underlies conventional illuminance measurements, is insufficient for integrative lighting design. Light exposure should be assessed at the plane of the observer’s eye (typically approximately vertical, facing the direction of

2 Interestingly, the development of α-opic metrology had implications extending beyond lighting, leading the CIE to successfully propose changes to the SI system, including the incorporation of photon-based radiometry.

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gaze), not the horizontal working plane. A comprehensive characterisation also includes horizontal illuminance, luminance distributions and colour quality indices (CIE TN 011:2020). The CIE explicitly cautions that it is unhelpful, and potentially misleading, to use correlated colour temperature (CCT) to specify a ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ light source (CIE PS 001:2024). The melanopic stimulus depends on the relative spectral power distribution and luminous stimulus combined. For example, two light sources with the same CCT and illuminance can differ substantially in their melanopic EDI. The CIE and ISO/TC 274 are currently collaborating to revise the International Standard for indoor workplace lighting (ISO 8995-1:2002 / CIE S 008:2001) to incorporate integrative lighting considerations. Once published, this revision will provide the most authoritative internationally recognised guidance for specifiers and designers.

Consensus recommendations: Proper light at the proper time In August 2019, an independent workshop of 18 leading scientists (‘Manchester II’) translated current knowledge into practical guidance for healthy daily light exposure. The outcome, published by Brown et al. (2022) and based on a meta-analysis of 19 peer-reviewed studies (Brown, 2020), represents the first international consensus recommendations for a healthy pattern of day, evening and night light exposure. The recommendations are documented in CIE TN 015:2023 and endorsed in CIE PS 001:2024. These recommendations apply to healthy young-to-middle-aged adults. Their applicability to younger and older populations, to those with visual or medical conditions, and to shift workers requires further study, as identified in CIE PS 001:2024.

Period Melanopic EDI Target Purpose (vertical at eye level)

Daytime ≥ 250 lx Supports alertness, circadian (continuous) entrainment and good night-time sleep.

Evening (3 hours ≤ 10 lx Facilitates sleep initiation and before sleep) consolidation, prevents shifting the biological clock and limits melatonin suppression.

Night (during ≤ 1 lx Supports strong circadian rhythm sleep) and sleep quality. If more detailed (target: as close to 0 visual tasks are required at night, as possible) melanopic EDI ≤ 10 lx is recommended.

Source: Brown et al. (2022); adopted in CIE TN 015:2023 and endorsed in CIE PS 001:2024. The daytime recommendation of melanopic EDI ≥ 250 lx should not be treated as a brief daily dose unless that interpretation is explicitly justified by evidence. From the

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evidence review in Brown et al. (2022) it is not clear how to apply this fixed threshold for a variable melanopic EDI profile that crosses the 250 lx mark. It is potentially a misinterpretation that a short period of high melanopic exposure would compensate for otherwise dim daytime conditions. Until evidence demonstrates equivalence between cumulative melanopic lux-hours and sustained daytime exposure, the SLL considers the recommendation to describe a daytime exposure condition to be supported as consistently as reasonably practicable during occupied daytime periods, with particular emphasis on the morning and earlier part of the day.

Research evidence and applied findings The 2020 SLL position statement reviewed early evidence from the CIBSE/BRE Circadian Lighting Effects on Health and Wellbeing study (Ticleanu, 2020) and the LRC field study by Figueiro et al. (2020). While neither study produced statistically conclusive results, both provided useful insights: personal light exposure varies substantially within the same space, and appropriately timed spectral changes can influence circadian phase and alertness in ways consistent with established photobiology. Since the consensus recommendations by Brown et al. (2022) were published, the evidence base has strengthened across controlled and field-based studies. The most relevant applied findings are: • High daytime melanopic exposure is increasingly associated with improved sleep timing, stronger circadian rhythms and better physiological, cognitive and subjective outcomes, although effect sizes vary and high-quality field studies remain necessary (Lok et al., 2022; da Costa Lopes et al., 2024; Lasauskaite et al., 2026). • The timing of daytime exposure is important. Morning light appears particularly effective for strengthening circadian entrainment and supporting earlier sleep timing, whereas exposure to short-wavelength light in the evening can delay circadian phase, suppress melatonin secretion and impair sleep quality (Vidafar et al., 2024; Constantino et al., 2025). • Real-world exposure is often insufficient during the day and excessive in the evening. Wearable preprint evidence indicates that activity patterns, outdoor time, daylight access and view direction strongly influence the melanopic stimulus received at the eye (Zauner et al., 2026). • Daylight remains the most effective and sustainable source of high melanopic exposure. Outdoor daylight commonly exceeds indoor electric-light levels by an order of magnitude or more (Schlangen and Price, 2021), but building form, glazing, shading, interior layout and occupant behaviour determine how much of that stimulus reaches the eye. • Individual responses to light vary with age, sex, chronotype, prior light history, sleep status, ocular health and medical status. For example, emerging evidence suggests that women may exhibit greater circadian sensitivity to bright evening light than men, while chronotype may influence the relationship between daylight exposure and mental-health outcomes (Vidafar et al., 2024; Buschhausen et al., 2025). Guidance based on population averages should therefore be applied with professional judgement and, where possible, supported by occupant controls within evidence-based limits.

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• Certain settings and populations require tailored approaches. Shift workers, older adults, children, people with visual or medical conditions, and those living under different environmental or behavioural light exposure patterns, including differences in latitude, time spent outdoors, work schedules and daily routines, should not be assumed to respond in the same way as healthy young-to- middle-aged day workers, who formed the basis of many current recommendations (Adamsson et al., 2016; Lax et al., 2019; Burns et al., 2021; Figueiro and Kales, 2021; Brown et al., 2022; Eto and Higuchi, 2023; Varma and Rahman, 2024; Glickman et al., 2026; Spitschan and Zauner, 2026). • Emerging public-health evidence links brighter daytime exposure and darker nights with better mental-health and metabolic outcomes, including findings from large cohort analyses and controlled office studies (Burns et al., 2023; Harmsen et al., 2026). These findings are promising but do not establish causality and should not be converted into product-specific health claims without appropriate evidence.

Energy and sustainability implications of integrative lighting Integrative lighting must support human wellbeing while remaining compatible with energy efficiency, carbon reduction and responsible night-time lighting. It should not be interpreted as a justification for simply increasing electric lighting levels. The aim is to provide appropriate light at the right time, in the right place and for the right duration, while avoiding unnecessary light exposure, glare, spill light, sky glow and energy use. Higher daytime melanopic exposure in buildings should not be pursued by increasing installed electric lighting load where daylight, layout, surface reflectance, controls or more efficient spectral design can achieve the same purpose. Similarly, darker nights should not be pursued by compromising essential visual tasks or public safety. The design challenge is to balance visual performance, circadian and neurophysiological considerations, comfort, accessibility, ecological responsibility and energy performance. Outdoor lighting shapes the night-time light environment for people and communities. It must provide adequate visibility, accessibility and perceived safety, but it should also avoid unnecessary melanopic exposure at night, light intrusion into buildings, ecological disturbance and wasted energy. For this reason, integrative-lighting principles should be considered alongside established good practice for outdoor lighting, including careful targeting, appropriate light levels, glare control, suitable spectra, dimming, curfews and adaptive controls. A systematic review of the energy impacts of integrative lighting (Taghizadeh et al., 2025) found that poorly conceived schemes can increase energy consumption when non-visual objectives are addressed only by adding more electric light. Increased energy use is not inevitable, but avoiding it requires daylight-led design, spectral optimisation and effective controls from the outset. The SLL therefore supports a daylight-first, electric-light-supported approach. Key strategies include: • Maximise useful daylight through building orientation, façade design, glazing, shading, interior layout and access to views.

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• Improve daytime vertical illuminance at the eye through room geometry, surface reflectance and task/location planning before increasing electric lighting power. • Select efficient light sources with spectra that provide appropriate melanopic effectiveness per unit of photopic illuminance and support the intended visual and melanopic outcomes without compromising visual quality, comfort or safety. • Use intelligent controls, including daylight harvesting, occupancy sensing, dimming and time-based scheduling, to increase daytime exposure and reduce evening exposure only when needed. • Ensure dimmed evening and night-time operation does not introduce unacceptable temporal light modulation, particularly at low dimming levels. • For outdoor lighting, use the minimum light needed for the task, control glare and spill light, direct light only where needed, and apply dimming, curfews or adaptive control where appropriate. • Consider the combined night-time exposure from indoor lighting, street lighting, signage, vehicle lighting and other outdoor sources when applying the principle of dark nights.

Key point: Sustainable integrative lighting is not simply “more light” or “less light”. It is better-timed light, better use of daylight, appropriate spectral design and controls that support people without unnecessary energy use.

Individual control and occupant experience Individual control remains an important element of integrative lighting design. Multiple studies have reported positive occupant responses when people are given meaningful control over their lighting environment, including intensity, spectrum and timing. This correlates with improved perceived wellbeing and satisfaction. However, the role of design is to make healthier light exposure easier and more accessible, not to impose it on occupants. As with other public-health interventions, lighting guidance should support informed choices by providing appropriate environments, clear information and practical tools. Where safety, visual performance and the needs of other occupants are not compromised, people should be able to turn the lighting down or off or select calmer lighting conditions. This is particularly important because light can be stimulating as well as beneficial. Although brighter daytime exposure can support circadian entrainment, alertness and subsequent sleep, some occupants may at times need a lower-stimulation environment during the day. Integrative lighting should therefore combine evidence- based default settings with meaningful user control, especially in local or personal zones. In shared spaces, control strategies should balance individual preference with collective needs, avoiding both rigid centralised schedules and unlimited adjustment that could adversely affect others. It is essential that the benefits of integrative lighting are not overstated. As Dr Peter Boyce noted in his 2016 editorial in Lighting Research & Technology, “the further the outcome is from the direct effects of lighting on human physiology, the more likely it is

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that factors other than lighting will intervene” (Boyce, 2016). While lighting can be an important contributor to health, wellbeing and performance, many outcomes are also influenced by behavioural, social, environmental and health-related factors. Consequently, claims regarding the benefits of integrative lighting should remain evidence-based and proportionate to the strength of the available evidence.

Open questions and research priorities The evidence is mature enough to support general principles of bright days and dark nights, but not yet sufficient to prescribe universal design formulae across all populations, buildings and schedules. The SLL identifies the following priorities: • Continuous versus intermittent daytime exposure: Research must determine whether, and if so how, cumulative melanopic lux-hours can substitute for maintaining approximately 250 lx melanopic EDI across occupied daytime periods. Until this is established, guidance should not imply that a short high- exposure episode is equivalent to a sustained bright daytime environment. • Energy and comfort: Further guidance is needed on achieving daytime melanopic targets without glare, visual discomfort or excessive energy use, particularly in buildings with limited daylight availability. • Evening visibility versus low melanopic exposure: Research and product development should address how to maintain safe visual performance in the evening while limiting melanopic EDI, especially for people with reduced visual capability. • Low-light operation and temporal light modulation: Further research and guidance are needed to understand and manage flicker performance when lighting is dimmed to achieve low evening or night-time melanopic EDI. Current product compliance requirements for temporal light modulation are assessed at full light output and do not characterise performance across the dimming range. As a result, compliance at rated output should not be assumed to indicate acceptable flicker performance under dimmed conditions. Future standards and guidance should consider how temporal light modulation is assessed in low-light operation. In the meantime, where low-light operation is critical, additional assessment methods, such as those described in IEC TR 61547-1:2020, may provide a useful means of evaluating objective flicker performance during dimmed operation. • Diverse populations: Specific evidence is needed for children, older adults, people with visual or medical conditions, shift workers, and populations in different latitudes and environmental and behavioural contexts. • Individual variability: Further research is needed to quantify how age, sex, chronotype, health status and prior light exposure modify responses to light, and how such differences should inform future guidance and lighting standards. • Personalised control: Research should establish evidence-based adjustment ranges that allow meaningful occupant control while supporting circadian objectives and ensuring that safety, visual performance and the needs of other occupants are not compromised. • Night-work and rotating schedules: Shift-work recommendations must account for task demands, work timing, shift schedules, sleep timing and out-of-work

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light exposure; daytime guidance should not be applied unchanged to nocturnal schedules. • Outdoor lighting and night-time exposure: Further work is needed on how integrative-lighting principles should be applied to outdoor lighting, including the balance between visibility, safety, accessibility, melanopic exposure, ecological impact, light intrusion, sky glow and energy use.

The SLL Position The SLL affirms the following position: • Use the principle of bright days and dark nights. The evidence supporting high daytime light exposure, reduced evening exposure and near-darkness during sleep is now substantial, although application details vary by population, setting and schedule. • Adopt a daylight-first, electric-light-supported strategy. Daylight and outdoor exposure remain the most effective means of achieving high daytime melanopic stimulus; electric lighting should complement, not replace, daylight. • Specify the correct metric. Melanopic EDI, defined in CIE S 026:2018 and recommended in CIE PS 001:2024, is the appropriate standardised metric for characterising ipRGC stimulus. CCT alone is insufficient and can be misleading. • Treat melanopic EDI ≥ 250 lx as a minimal daytime exposure condition, not a brief dose. Until evidence shows that short high-exposure periods are equivalent to sustained daytime exposure, specifications should aim to support the recommendation as consistently as reasonably practicable during occupied daytime periods, particularly in the morning. • Design for people, not averages. Lighting schemes should recognise individual differences and provide meaningful occupant control wherever practicable. Evidence-based default settings should support healthy light exposure, but occupants should be able to adapt local lighting where this does not compromise safety, essential visual performance or the needs of others. • Protect evening low light and night-time darkness. The SLL supports the consensus recommendations of Brown et al. (2022) to limit light exposure during the three hours before intended sleep to a melanopic EDI of no more than 10 lx, and to keep exposure during sleep to a melanopic EDI of no more than 1 lx. Where visual tasks are unavoidable at night, exposure should remain as low as safely achievable and should not exceed the relevant melanopic EDI guidance unless justified by safety or overriding operational need where compliance with the recommended threshold would compromise adequate visual performance. Dimmed evening and night-time lighting should also avoid unacceptable temporal light modulation so that reductions in melanopic exposure do not compromise visual comfort or wellbeing. • Align integrative lighting with sustainability. Circadian and wellbeing objectives should be achieved through daylight, efficient sources, appropriate spectra and intelligent controls, not unnecessary energy use. • Apply integrative-lighting principles outdoors as well as indoors. Street lighting and other forms of outdoor lighting should support safe visual conditions while

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limiting unnecessary night-time light exposure, light spill, sky glow, ecological impacts and energy use. • Avoid unsupported commercial claims. No lighting product is intrinsically integrative, circadian or human-centric. These are not properties of the product itself, but of the pattern of light exposure it helps create, which depends on how, when and where it is used, and on the characteristics, activities and circumstances of the individual receiving that exposure. Claims for specific health, wellbeing or performance benefits should be supported by relevant published evidence and should not imply certainty where the science remains incomplete or unsettled.

Conclusion The science of integrative lighting has advanced substantially since the SLL’s previous position statement. There is now an internationally standardised metric for melanopic stimulus, consensus recommendations for daily light-dark exposure, and growing evidence that appropriately timed light and darkness are relevant to sleep, circadian entrainment, wellbeing and public health. The practical message is clear: provide brighter, well-timed daytime exposure; reduce melanopically stimulating light in the evening; protect darkness during sleep; and use daylight as the primary strategy wherever possible. Electric lighting can have an important role, but it must be specified using appropriate metrics and integrated with visual comfort, energy efficiency and user needs. At the same time, the SLL cautions against over-precise or commercially convenient interpretations of the evidence. In particular, the daytime recommendation of a melanopic EDI of at least 250 lx at eye level should not be reduced to a short daily dose unless future evidence supports that interpretation. Integrative lighting should be designed by competent professionals, applied with judgement, communicated honestly, and evaluated against both human and environmental outcomes.

Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Dr Luke Price at the UK Health Security Agency for his careful review of this document and significant contribution to its development. Appreciation is also extended to Dr Marijke Gordijn, who heads the Working Group Science of the Good Light Group, for her valuable feedback and input. The author is grateful to Roger Sexton for sharing a review of research published since Brown et al. (2022) which, informed by discussions and literature evaluations undertaken within the Good Light Group, provided a useful summary of recent developments in the evidence base for integrative and circadian lighting. The author also acknowledges the members of the SLL Technical & Publications Committee for their constructive comments and feedback.

References Adamsson M, Laike T and Morita T. Annual variation in daily light exposure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol concentrations at a northern latitude with large

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seasonal differences in photoperiod length. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 2016; 36: 6. Berson DM, Dunn FA and Takao M. Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002; 295: 1070–1073. Boyce P. Editorial: Exploring Human Centric Lighting. Lighting Research & Technology 2016; 48: 117. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, Bodmann B, Maerker E, Holsten AM, Gibson PS, Gulati AR, Fuentes SM and Hanifin SW. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: Evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. Journal of Neuroscience 2001; 21: 6405–6412. Brown TM. Melanopic illuminance defines the magnitude of human circadian light responses under a wide range of conditions. Journal of Pineal Research 2020; 69(1): e12655. Brown TM, Brainard GC, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA, Hanifin JP, Lockley SW, Lucas RJ, Munch M, O’Hagan JB, Peirson SN, Price LLA, Roenneberg T, Schlangen LJM, Skene DJ, Spitschan M, Vetter C, Zee PC and Wright KP. Recommendations for daytime, evening, and nighttime indoor light exposure to best support physiology, sleep, and wakefulness in healthy adults. PLoS Biology 2022; 20: e3001571. Burns AC, Saxena R, Vetter C, Phillips AJK, Lane JM and Cain SW. Time spent in outdoor light is associated with mood, sleep, and circadian rhythm-related outcomes: A cross- sectional and longitudinal study in over 400,000 UK Biobank participants. Journal of Affective Disorders 2021; 295: 347–352. Burns AC, Windred DP, Rutter MK, Comas M, Cain SW and Phillips AJK. Day and night light exposure are associated with psychiatric disorders: an objective light study in >85,000 people. Nature Mental Health 2023; 1: 853–862. Buschhausen N, Schlangen LJM, de Kort YAW, Gordijn MCM, Rijnhart JJM, Schoevers RA and Penninx BWJH. Time spent outdoors in daylight and depression risk after 2.5 years: Insights from the Lifelines cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders 2025; 390: 1-8. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. CIE S 026:2018. CIE System for Metrology of Optical Radiation for ipRGC-Influenced Responses to Light. Vienna: CIE, 2018. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. CIE S 017:2020. ILV: International Lighting Vocabulary. 2nd ed. Vienna: CIE, 2020. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. CIE TN 011:2020. What to Document and Report in Studies of ipRGC-Influenced Responses to Light. Vienna: CIE, 2020. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. CIE TN 015:2023. Second International Workshop on Circadian and Neurophysiological Photoreception. Vienna: CIE, 2023. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. CIE PS 001:2024. CIE Position Statement on Integrative Lighting: Recommending Proper Light at the Proper Time. 3rd ed. Vienna: CIE, 2024. Constantino DB, Tan X, van Gilst MM and Overeem S. The bright and dark side of blue- enriched light on sleep and activity in older adults. GeroScience 2025; 47. da Costa Lopes L, Foster RG, Wulff K and van der Vinne V. Associations between real-life light exposure patterns and sleep behaviour in adolescents. Journal of Sleep Research 2024; 33: e14315.

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Society of Light and Lighting Position Statement on Integrative Lighting Page 13 of 13 Dr Cosmin Ticleanu, BRE, August 2026

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