甲板实习生如何成为一名合格的三副

甲板实习生如何成为一名合格的三副

——船舶安全设备管理与实务经验分享

作者：李殿波 赵立帅

摘 要 / SUMMARY

Based on the actual job requirements of a ship's Third Officer, this paper systematically summarizes the management of life-saving appliances (LSA) and fire-fighting appliances (FFE), implementation of the ship safety management system, duties during navigation and at port, and key inspection items for Port State Control (PSC). In accordance with SOLAS and ISM Codes, combined with practical ship operation experience, it sorts out daily management essentials and common problems for Third Officers, aiming to provide references for newly appointed Third Officers.

本文结合船舶三副岗位的实际工作要求，对救生设备与消防设备管理、船舶安全体系执行、航行与在港职责以及PSC检查重点进行了系统总结。文章以SOLAS与ISM体系为依据，结合船舶实际操作经验，对三副日常管理要点与常见问题进行归纳，旨在为新任三副提供参考。

一、前 言

The Third Officer holds the most fundamental yet critically vital safety position within the deck department. Instead of not only focusing on ship maneuvering along routes, their core work lies in continuous maintenance of life-saving and fire-fighting equipment as well as execution of the ship safety management system.

During actual vessel operation, the quality of a Third Officer's work directly determines PSC inspection results and the overall safety condition of the ship. Therefore, this position demands a strong sense of responsibility and consistent meticulous inspection capabilities.

三副是船舶驾驶部门中最基础但极为关键的安全岗位之一。其工作重心并非仅限于航线操纵，而是船舶救生与消防设备的持续维护与安全体系执行。

在实际船舶运营中，三副的工作质量直接影响PSC检查结果以及船舶整体安全状态。因此，该岗位要求具备高度责任心与持续细致的检查能力。

二、三副工作概况

▲ 救生艇吊放设备日常检查

The Third Officer reports directly to the Chief Officer and Master. Primary duties include inspection, maintenance, testing and record management of shipboard life-saving appliances (LSA) and fire-fighting appliances (FFE), alongside navigation watch keeping and implementation of the ship safety management system.

三副直接向大副及船长汇报工作，主要负责船舶救生设备（LSA）与消防设备（FFE）的检查、维护、测试及记录管理，并参与航行值班与船舶安全体系运行。

三、救生设备管理

Life-saving appliances serve as the final safety lifeline on board and must remain fully operational at all times. Main equipment includes lifeboats, rescue boats, life rafts, life jackets, immersion suits, etc.

救生设备是船舶最后一道生命保障线，必须确保随时处于可用状态。主要包括：救生艇、救助艇、救生筏、救生衣、浸水服等。

3.1 救生艇、救助艇常规检查

▲ 重力式救生艇吊放实操检查

• 艇体外壳内外完好无破损 The interior and exterior hull shall remain intact without damage

• 艇身两侧及顶部标识清晰完整 Markings on both sides and top of the boat shall be clear and complete

• 艇灯、蓄电池、舱底泵、艇底塞、主机、传动机构、舵机、释放装置、吊艇机构工况正常 Boat lights, storage batteries, bilge pumps, boat plugs, main engines, transmission mechanisms, steering gears, release devices and davit mechanisms shall operate normally

• 海况允许时，每周将救生艇（重力式）、救助艇从存放位置移出，实操检查；对尾抛式救生艇进行每周目视滑道、锁具检查 When sea conditions permit, gravity-type lifeboats and rescue boats shall be moved out of stowed positions for practical inspection every week; for free-fall lifeboats, weekly visual inspection of slipways and locking gear shall be carried out

• 救生艇属具管理，统一管控淡水、口粮、各类信号、急救包、晕船药、灭火器等有效期，临近到期提前申报申请换新 Centralized control of all lifeboat accessories: track the expiry dates of fresh water, provisions, signal appliances, first-aid kits, seasickness pills, portable fire extinguishers, etc.

• 每周测试艇机，累计运行测试时长不少于3分钟 Test the boat engine weekly for a running test of no less than 3 consecutive minutes

• 周检时操作舵机，确认左右转向灵活无卡滞 Operate the steering gear during weekly inspections to confirm smooth left/right turning without jamming

• 熟练掌握释放钩操作流程（on-load / off-load release两种模式），操作步骤张贴于艇内 Fully master operating procedures for both on-load and off-load release hooks; operation steps shall be posted inside the boat

• 复位流程参照艇内张贴说明，重点步骤：复位挂钩、压下复位手柄，检查挂钩、释放手柄、安全销全部归位 Follow posted instructions for resetting procedures: reset hooks, depress reset handles, and verify hooks, release handles and safety pins are all fully repositioned

• 吊艇架整体完好；各类演习时测试吊艇绞车及电机运转工况 Davit frames shall remain intact overall; test operation of davit winches and motors during all drills

• 每月测试登离艇区域照明；救生艇、救助艇操作说明书清晰完好 Test embarkation and disembarkation area lighting monthly; clear and intact operation manuals for lifeboats and rescue boats shall be kept on board

• 记录救生艇、救助艇及吊艇绞车上次检修时间；施放、回收流程张贴于艇存放区域 Record the last overhaul date of lifeboats, rescue boats and davit winches; launch and recovery procedures shall be posted at stowage locations

✗ 内部腐蚀无法确认

✓ 能够确认是否腐蚀

• 阀体外观状态有无破损 Check external casing for damage

• 静水压力释放器（HRU）有效期检查 Verify the expiry date of the Hydrostatic Release Unit (HRU)

• 首缆是否正确和易断环（weak link）连接 Confirm the painter is correctly connected to the weak link

• 登乘梯状态是否合格，天气晴朗时打开梯罩通风干燥，定期检查卸扣 Inspect the condition of embarkation ladders; unzip ladder covers for ventilation and drying on sunny days, and regularly check shackles

• 救生筏的绑带是否需要剪掉看阀体表面的标识 Check whether the securing straps of liferafts need to be cut to inspect markings on the casing surface

• 绑扎救生筏的钢丝，必须可以检查内部腐蚀情况并满足SOLAS的释放可靠性要求 Steel wires securing liferafts must allow inspection for internal corrosion and comply with SOLAS requirements for reliable release

▲ Painter正确连接方式：与weak link（易断环）连接

▲ 保证登乘梯的良好状态

▲ 登乘梯的卸扣定期保养检查并且活络

3.3 救生衣、浸水服、救生圈常规检查

▲ 定期对船员展开浸水服穿戴培训

• 外观检查：是否有破损，反光带是否脱落或失效，面料是否老化，是否有油污，缝线是否开裂 Visual inspection: check for damage, peeling or ineffective reflective tape, aged fabric, oil stains and split stitching

• 配件完整性：哨子和自亮灯是否存在且可用，绑带是否完整无断裂，卡扣是否能正常锁紧 Verify complete accessories: whistles and self-igniting lights shall be present and functional; binding straps shall be unbroken, buckles shall lock normally

• 浸水服拉链定期润滑，保证其润滑性；存放时拉链拉到最底下方便直接穿 Lubricate zippers of immersion suits regularly to guarantee smooth operation; store suits with zippers fully lowered for quick donning

• 救生衣是否为SOLAS标准（≥150N），内部浮材是否变形；成人/儿童型号是否正确分配 Confirm lifejackets meet SOLAS standard (≥150N buoyancy) with undeformed internal buoyancy material; adult and child sizes shall be allocated correctly

• 救生衣、浸水服按照muster station正确布置，易于快速取用，有船名和船籍港标识 Lifejackets and immersion suits shall be arranged at muster stations for quick access, marked with ship name and port of registry

• 气胀式救生衣和浸水服定期进行强制岸检 Inflatable lifejackets and immersion suits shall undergo mandatory shore-based inspection at specified intervals

• 确认浸水服是否需要和救生衣一起穿戴，定期对船员展开穿戴培训 Confirm whether immersion suits must be worn with lifejackets; conduct regular donning training for all crew

▲ 灭火器称重检查

Fire-fighting equipment is a high-priority inspection area during PSC surveys and the core of ship fire safety. Main equipment includes portable fire extinguishers, fixed fire-fighting systems, Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBD), firemen's outfits and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), fire alarm systems, etc.

消防设备管理是PSC检查重点区域，也是船舶防火安全核心。主要包括：移动式灭火器具、固定式灭火系统、EEBD、消防员装备及呼吸器，火警系统等。

4.1 灭火器常规检查

核心要求

灭火器作为船舶消防设备的重要组成部分，必须确保压力或重量正常、有效期合格、外观完好且布置符合消防布置图要求，以保证随时可投入使用。

• 压力检查：指针必须在绿色区域，不允许低压或超压；CO₂需检查重量（不是看压力表） Pressure gauge pointers must stay within the green zone; for CO₂ extinguishers, verify weight instead of pressure gauges

• 年检标签清晰，岸检证书齐全 Annual inspection labels shall be legible with complete shore inspection certificates

• 外观状态：是否有锈蚀，瓶体是否变形，喷嘴是否堵塞，安全销是否在位 Check for rust on the exterior, deformed cylinders, clogged nozzles and installed safety pins

• 安装位置固定牢靠，位置和fire plan一致，易于快速取用，无遮挡 Mounting positions shall be secure, consistent with fire control plans, unobstructed and readily accessible

• 按照SOLAS要求存有备品；瓶体内的驱动气瓶过期前更换并存有备用 Spare parts shall be carried as required by SOLAS; replace drive gas cylinders before expiry and maintain spare units

• 岸检由认可岸基服务单位进行拆检、重装、功能测试并更新标签，确保符合年度及水压测试周期要求 All shore inspections shall be performed by authorized shore service providers, ensuring equipment meets operational standards and complies with annual and hydro-static test cycles

▲ 灭火器拆检与维护保养

4.2 固定式灭火系统常规检查

▲ 消防水系统出水压力测试

▌消防水系统（Fire Water System）

• 主消防泵启动正常；应急消防泵可独立启动，压力达系统要求并稳定，自动/手动启动有效 Main fire pump shall start normally; emergency fire pump shall operate independently with stable pressure meeting system requirements under both automatic and manual start modes

• 管路无泄露或腐蚀，阀门灵活可操作，消防栓可正常出水并无泄露 Inspect pipelines for leakage and corrosion; verify valves operate freely and hydrants discharge water without leakage

• 隔离阀定期活络且处于随时可用状态 Isolation valves shall be regularly operated to remain ready for immediate use

▲ 消防隔离阀定期活络保养

▌固定式二氧化碳灭火系统（Fixed CO₂ System）

▲ CO₂固定灭火系统瓶组间

• CO₂瓶组瓶体压力或重量正常，在有效检验周期内，固定靠牢 Check weight or pressure of CO₂ cylinder banks and confirm validity of inspection cycles; cylinders shall be securely fixed

• 释放系统控制箱锁闭良好，手动释放装备完好，无误操作风险 Control boxes for release systems shall be properly locked; manual release equipment shall be intact with no risk of accidental operation

• 钢瓶组需区分运输保险销与手动操作保险销，严禁错装漏拔 Distinguish transit safety pins and manual operation safety pins for cylinder banks; avoid incorrect installation, missing or misplaced pins

• CO₂间整洁通风良好；张贴操作规程 The CO₂ room shall be clean and well ventilated with operating procedures posted

• 严格按照公约要求提前联系岸检机构进行岸检，配备可给钢瓶称重的秤或液位枪 Arrange shore inspections in advance in accordance with convention requirements; weighing scales or liquid level gauges shall be available for cylinder weight checks

⚠️ 重要警示

钢瓶保险销严禁错装漏拔、该拔未拔、该插未插，杜绝系统误释放或灭火失效！

▌固定式泡沫灭火系统（Fixed Foam System）

▲ 固定式泡沫灭火系统

• 泡沫液储存罐泡沫比例正常，未过期，无泄露堵塞，液位正常 Verify normal foam liquid ratio inside storage tanks; check for expiry, leakage, blockage and proper liquid level

• 管路系统无腐蚀，阀门可操作 Inspect pipelines for corrosion and operability of all valves

• 严格按照公约要求提前联系岸检机构进行岸检 Arrange shore inspections in advance in accordance with convention requirements

▲ 水雾喷淋系统功能测试

• 三副负责协助机舱维护保养，确保其在船舶安全体系中状态正常，并具备PSC应答和安全监督能力 The Third Officer shall assist the Engine Department with maintenance, ensure compliance with the ship safety management system, and be capable of responding to PSC queries and conducting safety supervision

• 定期协助机舱测试功能，检查报警是否正常，喷头有无堵塞 Cooperate with the Engine Department for regular function tests, inspect alarm operation and nozzle blockages

• 严格按照公约要求提前联系岸检机构进行岸检 Arrange shore inspections in advance in accordance with convention requirements

▲ 消防员装备全套组成（符合IMO MSC.339(91)决议）

• 消防服完整无破损，耐热层完好，尺寸合适 Fireman outfits shall be complete and undamaged with intact heat-resistant layers and suitable sizing

• 消防员头盔无裂纹，内衬完整，面罩正常 Fireman helmets shall be crack-free with complete liners and functional visors

• 消防员木楔配备齐全；救生绳符合标准要求，末端信号张贴 Fire door wedges shall be provided; rescue ropes shall meet standard requirements with signals marked at rope ends

• 消防员探照灯电池在有效期内，有备用，可正常使用，为防爆类型 Batteries for fireman searchlights shall be within validity periods with spare units; lights shall be operational and explosion-proof

• 消防员对讲机按要求配备，防爆类型，外壳完好，天线完好，按键灵敏，显示屏正常，电量充足 Firefighter radios shall be provided as required with intact explosion-proof casings, functional antennas, responsive buttons, normal displays and fully charged batteries

• 对讲机必须符合SOLAS/IECEx/ATEX标准，与消防员装备一起存放，备有备用电池和充电底座 Radios shall comply with SOLAS/IECEx/ATEX standards and be stored alongside firemen's outfits with spare batteries and charging docks

• SCBA气瓶压力达标，面罩密封性良好，低压警报正常，气管无损坏 SCBA cylinders shall maintain adequate pressure; face masks shall provide good sealing with functional low-pressure alarms and undamaged breathing hoses

• 备用气瓶压力达标，固定存放 Spare pressurized cylinders shall be securely stowed with adequate pressure

▲ SCBA气瓶压力检查

▲ 消防员装备实操训练

▲ 防爆对讲机应急专用存放点

4.4 应急逃生呼吸器（EEBD）常规检查

▲ EEBD穿戴示范

用途说明

EEBD作用为在火灾/烟雾环境中提供呼吸保护，仅用于逃离危险区域，不能用于水上生存，不提供浮力或长期生存能力。EEBD严禁用于灭火/货物作业。

• 外观与完整性：外壳完好，面罩无破损，软管无老化破损，无明显污染或损坏 Ensure overall integrity: intact casing, undamaged face masks, non-aged and unbroken hoses free of obvious contamination or damage

• 气瓶状态压力正常，在岸检有效期内，无泄露迹象，固定牢靠 Verify normal cylinder pressure, valid shore inspection certification and no leakage signs; cylinders shall be securely fixed

• 铅封状态完整，未被误打开，无拆动痕迹 Seals shall remain intact with no signs of tampering or unauthorized opening

• 存放位置与数量按照fire plan布置，标识清晰，无阻挡可快速取用 Stowage locations and quantities shall comply with fire control plans with clear unobstructed markings for quick access

▲ EEBD压力视窗检查

4.5 火警探测报警系统常规检查

▲ 火警报警系统控制面板

• 确认火警报警系统处于正常工作状态，报警位置、时间日期显示准确 Ensure the fire alarm system operates normally with accurate alarm location, date and time displays

• 探测器和手动报警按钮完好 Smoke detectors and manual call points shall remain intact

• 配合电机员完成探测器测试、报警确认及记录工作 Cooperate with electrical officers to complete detector testing, alarm confirmation and record-keeping

• 确保系统无Fault、无Disable，并与消防布置图一致 Ensure no system faults or disabled zones, consistent with the fire control plan

▲ 烟雾探测器功能测试

五、船舶不同状态下的三副职责

• 三副直接对大副负责，并最终服从船长管理 The Third Officer reports directly to the Chief Officer and is ultimately under the Master's command

• 通读并严格遵守Master Standing Orders，快速熟悉本船驾驶台与船舶参数；认真研读程序手册与相关质量管理体系 Must read and strictly abide by Master's Standing Orders, quickly familiarize with bridge equipment and vessel parameters, thoroughly study procedure manuals and relevant quality management systems

• 及时更新张贴应变部署表；船员变动后与船长商议更新 Timely update and post muster lists; revise lists in consultation with the Master after crew changes

• 负责所有信号旗、国旗的保管维护 Be responsible for storage and maintenance of all signal flags and national flag

• 协助船长处理港口文件以及证书的管理 Assist the Master with port documentation and certificate management

• 依据SOLAS及船舶安全管理体系，编制、安排并记录所有法定船舶应急演习 Formulate, schedule and document all mandatory shipboard emergency drills in compliance with SOLAS and the vessel's SMS

▲ 航行值班瞭望

• 值班时间：

  08:00–12:00 和 20:00–24:00；交接班清晰，核对航向、船位、航速、潮汐、船长命令簿 Navigation watch schedule: 0800–1200 and 2000–2400; conduct clear handover procedures, cross-check course, ship position, speed, tide data and Master day/night Order

• 瞭望与避碰：

  保持正规瞭望，目视+雷达+AIS综合瞭望；能见度不良按规定鸣放雾笛并加强瞭望 Maintain navigation lookout and collision avoidance: conduct comprehensive lookout via visual observation, radar and AIS; sound fog signals and strengthen lookout in restricted visibility

• 船位核对：

  勤核对GPS、ECDIS船位，偏离航线及时修正 Frequent cross-check of GPS and ECDIS positions; adjust course promptly if deviating from the planned route

• 会遇判断：

  来船及早判断会遇情况，提前鸣笛、转向、减速，做到"早、大、宽、清" Early assessment of meeting situations with approaching vessels; sound signals, alter course or reduce speed in advance following the principle of "early, substantial, ample and clear"

• 罗经差测定：

  每班测定罗经差并记录，检查航行设备 Measure compass error every watch and record results; inspect all navigation equipment

• 文书记录：

  按要求完成航海日志记录 Complete all required logbook entries as specified

• 消防巡逻：

  按规定执行全船消防巡回检查 Conduct full-ship fire patrols per regulations

▲ 典型走锚案例轨迹

• 值班时间：

  08:00–12:00 和 20:00–24:00 Anchorage watch schedule: 0800–1200 and 2000–2400

• 防走锚：

  定时定位防走锚，盯紧船首向、速度、水深风流；发现走锚趋势第一时间通知机舱备车并叫船长 Monitor vessel position and anchor equipment; take regular position fixes to prevent dragging anchor; notify the Engine Department and call the Master immediately if dragging anchor trends are observed

• 信号显示：

  保持锚灯、锚球正常；VHF守听交管/引水频道；能见度不良鸣放雾笛；正确设置AIS状态 Ensure anchor lights and anchor balls are displayed correctly; maintain VHF listening watch; sound fog signals in restricted visibility; set AIS status correctly

• 巡逻检查：

  定时全船消防、ISPS保安巡逻；留意周边可疑小艇 Conduct regular full-ship fire and ISPS security patrols; monitor suspicious small craft nearby

• 文书记录：

  按要求完成航海日志记录 Complete all required logbook entries as specified

▲ 船舶进出港作业

三副在驾驶台协助船长，除航行值班工作外，需要完成：

• 填写车钟记录簿（Fill in bell book）

• 按船长/引水指令操作车钟，核对主机转向/转速/指令一致

• 传达舵令并监督舵工操作

• 无其他驾驶员时，检查引水员登离乘梯，接送引水员

• 开展离港前驾驶台设备测试

• 按规定悬挂各类信号旗/国旗

• 靠妥码头后更改AIS状态，锁闭驾驶台，妥善收纳贵重物品，切断无关电器，消除明火隐患

▲ 港口装卸货作业

• 值班时间：

  06:00–12:00 和 18:00–24:00 Port watch schedule: 0600–1200 and 1800–2400

• 装卸货值班：

  按照大副安排值装卸货班；严格遵守作业指令及安全作业流程，正确如实填写Port Log Book Perform cargo handling watches as arranged by the Chief Officer; strictly follow operational instructions and safety procedures, truthfully complete the Port Logbook

• 吃水观测：

  频繁观测船舶吃水，核对船上货物计量与码头岸方数据；偏差明显立即上报大副 Continuously monitor vessel draft during watchkeeping, cross-check onboard cargo measurements with shore terminal data; immediately report obvious discrepancies to the Chief Officer

• 人员管控：

  严控登船人员，对身份存疑访客核查证件，异常立即上报 Strictly control boarding personnel, verify identity documents for suspicious visitors and report abnormalities without delay

• 缆绳看管：

  全程看管缆绳状态，保持船舶贴靠码头并对齐装卸设备 Constantly monitor mooring line tension to keep the vessel alongside the berth aligned with cargo handling equipment

• 照明保障：

  保证甲板、货舱照明充足 Maintain sufficient lighting on deck and in holds

• 保安消防：

  落实港口消防、保安值班，按规定开展巡逻 Implement port fire and security watchkeeping, and conduct patrols as required

In summary, the Third Officer's work covers numerous trivial tasks, spanning maintenance of life-saving and fire-fighting equipment and navigation, anchor, port safety watchkeeping. Equipment inspections, weekly and monthly checks, and drill records must never be perfunctorily completed. Vigilant lookout, position fixing, collision avoidance, patrol rounds and monitoring cargo operations etc during watchkeeping cannot be laxation. No task on board is insignificant, Third Officer maintains a strong sense of responsibility, fully complies with international conventions and shipboard procedures, timely rectifies equipment deficiencies and standardizes watchkeeping operations and hold the first line of ship safety and finally he will become a fully qualified professional Third Officer.

三副工作繁杂细碎，一头连着救生消防设备维护，一头担着航行、锚泊、港口值班安全。各类设备检查、周检月检、演习记录不能敷衍，值班期间瞭望、定位、避碰、巡回检查，货物监管等更不能松懈。日常工作无小事，唯有保持责任心，严格按公约和船上制度逐项落实，及时整改设备缺陷、规范值班操作，守住船舶安全的第一道防线，成为一名合格的三副。

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