文质彬彬·每日好词语｜治大国若烹小鲜

整理/李思 制图/张玉佳

治大国若烹小鲜

治理大国就像烹制小鱼一样。“小鲜”即小鱼。这是老子基于“无为”理念阐发的治理大国的基本原则。烹制小鱼，必须注意调和好各种佐料，精心掌握好火候，使每条小鱼都入味；同时不能多加搅动，多搅则易烂。与此相类，大国幅员辽阔，人口众多，各地域、阶层的差别大，治国者要精心周到，统筹兼顾，使政策措施惠及每一个人；国家大政方针一旦确立，施政者不要过多干预社会生活。

Governing a Big Country Is Like Cooking Small Fish

This is a fundamental principle of state governance based on the concept of "non-action" advocated by Laozi. When cooking small fish, one needs to mix various kinds of ingredients, carefully control time of cooking and degree of heating, so that every small fish is equally tasty. One should not stir the fish too much in cooking so that they will not fall apart into small pieces. Similarly, as a big country has a vast territory, a large population, and wide differences among regions and social groups, those who govern the land must be meticulous and thoughtful and take all factors into consideration, so that their policies and measures benefit everyone. Once fundamental policies for governance are adopted, those who govern should not intervene excessively in social activities.

引例

治大国，若烹小鲜。以道莅天下，其鬼不神；非其鬼不神，其神不伤人；非其神不伤人，圣人亦不伤人。夫两不相伤，故德交归焉。（《老子·六十章》）（治理大国，就像煎烹小鱼。用大道治理天下，妖魔鬼怪的东西就不会张扬；不是这些妖孽不能作怪，而是（因为大道通行），妖魔鬼怪就没有伤害人的空间；不但妖孽的东西伤害不了人，圣明的统治者（因为遵循大道），也不会随意伤害黎民百姓。这样，社会上各种妖魔鬼怪的东西和圣明的统治者都不伤害人，德惠与恩泽就会归于民众。）

Governing a big country is like cooking small fish. When the country is ruled by dao, demons can neither disrupt it nor harm the people. Even sages acting in dao principles will not bring harm to people either. Free from harms by demons and sages, people stand to gain all benefits. (Laozi)

来源：中国青年报