原来当年妈妈口中念叨地“三转一响”是全世界都知道的时代标志。
外媒报道称,中国人忍饥挨饿,物资匮乏的日子如今翻篇了,那段岁月进入了历史的博物馆!
BBC报道称,中国国家主席习近平在庆祝改革开放40周年大会上的讲话提到:
粮票、布票、肉票、鱼票、油票、豆腐票、副食本、工业券等百姓生活曾经离不开的票证已经进入了历史博物馆,忍饥挨饿、缺吃少穿、生活困顿这些几千年来困扰我国人民的问题总体上一去不复返了!
图说中国惊人变化40年
"Grain coupons, cloth coupons, meat coupons, fish coupons, oil coupons, tofu coupons, food ticket books, product coupons and other documents people once could not be without have now been consigned to the museum of history," he said.
"The torments of hunger, lack of food and clothing, and the hardships which have plagued our people for thousands of years have generally gone and won't come back."
改革开放40周年,多家外媒报道称,中国家庭的“四大件”变为“六大件”再变为“八大件”,清单不断加长:从自行车、缝纫机、手表、收音机变为了出国留学、出国旅游、智能生活;生活从贫困变成了富裕。
《南华早报》:中国的改革开放如何让昔日贫困家庭变为中产消费者
“假领子”VS“国际潮牌”
△图源:《南华早报》
Fake shirtfronts were popular to extend a shirt's lifespan.中国社会曾流行“假领子”以延长衬衫使用寿命。
These were usually solid blue or grey in colour.
这些衣服多为蓝色或灰色。
而后来,越来越多的西方品牌盯上了中国市场这块“大蛋糕”,中国人开始穿起了潮牌。
From the 1990s many western brands aimed their goods at the Chinese consumer market. Advertising promoted these luxury items in fashion magazines, newspapers, and on television stations.
从上世纪90年代起,许多西方品牌目光锁定中国消费市场。奢侈品的广告推广刊登在时尚杂志、报纸、电视台。
Foreign trends in customs were introduced very quickly. Western lifestyles and dressing trends have become more acceptable over the years.
外国服装潮流很快被引进中国。在过去的几年,西方生活方式和衣着趋势(在中国的)接受度越来越高。
“三转一响一咔嚓”......名单越来越长
△图源:《南华早报》
除此之外,外媒也研究起我们的“三大件”和“新六大件”了:
From 1966 to 1976, Chinese citizens aspired to the "three bigs" – a bicycle, a wristwatch and a manual sewing machine. By the early 1980s half of all Chinese households owned at least one of these former "three bigs", and by the mid-1980s a "new three bigs" had evolved – a refrigerator, a washing machine, and a television set.
上世纪六七十年代,中国民众渴望“三大件”:自行车、手表和手工缝纫机。到上世纪80年代初,一半家庭已至少拥有这“三大件”之一;到80年代中期又演变为“新三大件”:冰箱、洗衣机和电视机。
Later, a “new big six” added cassette recorders, electric fans, and motorcycles. These were followed by the “eight new things” that upgraded black-and-white television sets to colour sets and added cameras and video recorders to the growing list.
后来,又增加了盒式磁带录音机、电扇和摩托车,成了“新六大件”。“新八大件”紧随其后就出现了,黑白电视机升级为彩色电视机,在不断增长的清单上还加了照相机和录像机。
口袋里( In the pockets)
△图源:《南华早报》
40年前中国人口袋里装的是按照家庭人数定量供给的粮票、油票......,用于购买各种必需品,1角钱买一张电影票,一个家庭平均拥有2.2块手表。
如今中国人均拥有3只手表,55%城市居民有智能手表。30%的孩子拥有一块智能手表,父母会利用智能手表追踪确保孩子的安全。
而更加便利的是,人们可以使用移动支付完成打车、购物、公交出行、高速路收费、医药费等各项活动……
服装(Clothing)
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△图源:《南华早报》
Before: Over 70% of families owned a manual sewing machine. Annual household spending on clothing was just 14.8 yuan.
以前:70%中国家庭拥有缝纫机,每家每年用于服装的开销才14.8元。
Now: Today, urban households spend 3,316 yuan annually on clothing, 224 times greater than 40 years ago.
现在:当今,城市家庭在服装上的年消费额已增至3316元,是40年前的224倍。
通风设备(Ventilation)
Before: Only around 20% of urban households owned an electric fan.
以前:中国城市家庭有电扇的比例仅20%。
Now: 90% of homes are air-conditioned.
现在:90%的家庭都有空调。
通信(Communication)
Before: The telegraph, the telephone and letters were the primary sources of communication.
以前:电报、电话和书信是主要通信方式。
Now: The number of internet users in China hit 802 million this year.
现在:今年中国网民超8亿。
洗衣(Laundry)
△图源:《南华早报》
Before: Laundry generally done by hand; household appliances were rare.
以前:家用电器很少,大部分衣物都是手洗。
Now: 89% of homes have a washing machine.
现在:89%家庭拥有洗衣机。
娱乐(Entertainment)
Before: 85% of families owned a radio but only 32% could afford a black-and-white television set.
以前:85%的家庭拥有一台收音机,但仅有32%的家庭能买得起黑白电视机。
Now: There is an average of 1.2 colour televisions per family.
现在:一个家庭拥有1.2台彩电。(也就是说,很多家里会装多台电视机。)
交通(Transport)
Before: Bicycles were the most common mode of transport, with an average of 1.2 bicycles per family.
以前:自行车是最普遍的交通工具,每个家庭有1.2辆自行车。
Now: 27.7% of families own a car.
现在:平均27.7%的家庭拥有一辆小汽车。
除了以上生活的方方面面,外媒也关注到中国在健康、教育水平、膳食等方面的显著提升。
▌改革开放释放健康和教育红利
英国广播公司(BBC)称,中国平均预期寿命延长、教育质量提升。
首先,人均寿命明显延长了。
China's life expectancy was 66 back in 1978, and is now about 76.
1978年,中国人民的平均预期寿命是66岁,现在这一数字提升至76岁。
其次,改革开放带来了更高质量的教育。
Literacy rates increased from 66% in the early 1980s to 95% in 2010.
中国的识字率从上世纪80年代的66%提升至2010年的95%。
图源:BBC
Life has changed significantly for children of the 2010s, compared to children of the 1970s.
与上世纪70年代相比,2010年之后出生的孩子,生活发生了翻天覆地的变化。
图源:BBC
在上世纪70年代,对大多数中国孩子而言,出国旅游无异于天方夜谭,但如今……
Today China has the world's largest number of outbound tourists - who spend billions of dollars while abroad.
如今,中国拥有全球最多的出境旅游者,出境旅游花费高。
越来越多的中国学生选择到海外接受教育。
According to Chinese government figures, China is currently the world's largest source of international students.
中国政府数据显示,中国目前是全球第一大留学生来源国。
图源:BBC
▌市场产品丰富带来百姓餐桌变化
BBC称,中国百姓的餐桌也见证了改革开放带来的变化,中国百姓的膳食消费结构发生了很大变化。
Statistics show meat consumption in China has risen significantly over the past few decades.
统计数据显示,过去几十年间,中国的肉类消费大幅上升。
Pork, for example, used to be considered a luxury food reserved for special occasions - now, figures suggest the average Chinese person will consume about 40kg of pork per year.
例如,猪肉在过去被认为是一种专为重要场合准备的奢侈品。现在,数据显示,中国每年人均消费40公斤猪肉。
CNN这样总结改革开放的40年:1978年12月,邓小平向共产党领导层发表讲话,这一时刻被广泛认为是改革时代的开始。那时,中国的GDP不及1500亿美元。
1982年和现在中国深圳城市景观对比 来源:CNN
40年后,中国的GDP飙升到12万亿美元,仅次于美国。
"Reform and Opening" has been so transformative, and the impact so far-reaching, that it can be easy to forget just how far the country has come in less than half a century.
“改革开放”带来的变化如此巨大,影响如此深远,以至于人们很容易忘记,这个国家在不到半个世纪里就走了这么远。
如今,中国拥有全球10%的财富。中国人也越来越富有:
In the last 20 years alone, wealth per adult has quadrupled, leaving fewer than 1% of the population in extreme poverty.
仅过去20年,每位成年人的财富就实现了四倍的增长,极度贫困人口不到1%。
在宏观的数字变化背后,是经济各个方面深刻的变革。
美国石英网站18日盘点了中国在改革开放40年中经济方面发生的变化:
经济结构优化
1980年,农业比工业和服务业在中国经济中占有更大的比重。
而反观现在,农业在中国经济中的比例不到10%,服务业占比最高:
In 1980, agriculture was a larger part of the Chinese economy than industry (e.g. construction and manufacturing) and services (e.g. healthcare and education). Now, agriculture makes up less than 10% of the economy.
数据来源:世界银行
经济愈加开放:
报道认为,深圳和其他中国制造业中心的成功是中国拥抱全球化的结果。
Exports went from a small share of China’s economy in the 1970s to more than one-third of GDP in the mid-2000s.
出口在中国经济中所占比重从上世纪70年代的一小部分,发展到本世纪头十年中期超过了GDP的三分之一。
数据来源:世界银行
扶贫成效显著
In 1981, just three years after Deng’s reform project was launched, almost 90% of Chinese people lived in extreme poverty by the definition of the World Bank. By 2013, that number had dropped to less than 2%.
根据世界银行的定义,1981年,几乎90%的中国人生活在极度贫困中;到2013年,这个数字下降到不足2%。
注:根据2011年的人民币对美元的汇率,每天收入低于1.9美元为极度贫困。数据来源:世界银行
城市化
With a shift away from agriculture, Chinese people moved to the cities in droves. The share living in rural areas, which barely budged from 1960 to the late 1970s, fell precipitously after 1978.
随着产业结构转型,中国人大量迁往城市,农村人口的比例在1978年后急剧下降。
数据来源:世界银行
对于改革开放40年来的变化,你有什么样的切身体会,留言区讲讲你的故事吧!
责任编辑:沈斌
编辑:左卓 王瑜 李雪晴 温竹馨 唐晓敏
实习编辑:陈月华
来源:CNN BBC 南华早报等
中国日报国际传播研究室和新媒体中心联合出品
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